【作者】 张蒙；

【导师】 游旭群；

【作者基本信息】 陕西师范大学， 基础心理学， 2022， 硕士

【副题名】一项交叉滞后研究

【摘要】 自从积极心理学浪潮自上世纪兴起以来,“什么是幸福感”以及“如何提升幸福感”的问题受到了研究者们越来越多的关注。目前研究者已经发现了诸多对于幸福感有着重要影响的心理因素。而明确各种心理因素对于幸福感的影响及其机制,对于研制提升幸福感水平的策略并提高国民整体幸福感水平有着重要作用。然而,情绪信念作为一项对于个体情绪与认知过程均存在明显影响的因素,目前尚缺乏足够研究充分探讨其与幸福感之间的关系以及影响机制。情绪信念的研究与针对其他特质的内隐信念研究一脉相承。在心理学研究中,一般可以将情绪信念划分为两个取向:情绪固化论与情绪可变论。情绪固化论的观点主要为情绪无法控制,难以调节。相应的,情绪可变论的观点则为情绪是可以通过努力并以一定的策略加以调节的。以往研究表明,情绪信念与诸如抑郁,焦虑等心理症状的水平存在显著相关。除此之外情绪信念对自我调节策略同样存在广泛影响。这种影响包括了个体对自我调节策略的选择,坚持程度以及自我效能感等方面。而自我调节策略的改善往往会对构成幸福感的各个因素产生积极作用。幸福的引擎模型理论将影响幸福感的因素分为了三个门类:输入、加工过程和结果。诸如个体内在特质和认知过程等因素属于该模型中的加工过程分类,其对于个体幸福感水平能够产生一定影响。而情绪信念作为个体内在的一系列理念,可能同属于幸福的引擎模型中的加工过程部分。另外,自我决定论则认为,个体内在三种需要的满足是收获幸福感的一个重要前提。怀有情绪固化观信念的个体一般认为自身情绪是可以经过努力而加以调节的,因此他们在面对情绪问题时更有可能付出努力并采取有效的情绪调节策略。而成功的情绪调节策略则可以提升个体的自我效能感,满足个体对于胜任力的需要。因此情绪信念可能会作为产生幸福感过程中在特质层面的一个环节影响个体自我调节能力与自我效能感等方面,进而影响个体幸福感水平。另一方面,幸福感高的个体往往长时间处于积极的情绪状态中。根据扩展建构理论,积极情绪有助于构建持久的心理资源。情绪信念作为一种在消极境遇中可以提升个体信心的心理资源,可能也会受到积极情绪的建构作用。因此幸福感可能影响个体情绪信念水平。主观幸福感一般是指个体对自身生活以及情感经历的整体性评估,是一项在研究中得到广泛采用的关于幸福感的定义。虽然众多研究分别涉及了情绪信念与幸福感的主要参照指标,但目前少有研究直接探讨情绪信念与主观幸福感之间的关系。另外,前人研究多建立在横断研究的基础之上,无法在两者关系的因果推论上更近一步。本研究采用问卷调查的形式,运用情绪信念问卷、生活满意度问卷和积极与消极体验问卷对约500名大学生于间隔2个月的2个时间点上进行了测量。本研究全面考察了情绪信念与主观幸福感的三个维度在两个时间点上的关系以及两者在间隔2个月的时间上的纵向关系。结果发现:(1)在两个时间点上,情绪信念分别显著地与主观幸福感中的积极情绪和生活满意度维度呈现正相关,并显著地与主观幸福感中的消极情绪维度呈现负相关。(2)在时间纵向上,情绪信念可以正向预测2个月后主观幸福感中的积极情绪和生活满意度维度,负向预测2个月后主观幸福感中的消极情绪维度。(3)主观幸福感中的积极情绪和生活满意度并不能显著正向预测2个月后的情绪信念水平,且主观幸福感中的消极情绪也不能负向预测2个月后的情绪信念水平。本研究结论为:(1)情绪信念对于主观幸福感具有一定的预测作用,(2)主观幸福感无法反向预测情绪信念。综上,本研究基于实证证据与理论假设,提出情绪信念与主观幸福感之间关系的几种假设,并在一项纵向研究中使用交叉滞后模型对于假设予以验证。结果初步证实了情绪信念对于主观幸福感的重要影响。这为心理疗法的改进以及幸福感提升策略的制定提供了一定的理论基础。更多还原

【Abstract】 Since the rise of positive psychology in the last century,researchers have paid more and more attention to the definition of well-being and how to improve well-being.So far,researchers have found that there are plenty of important factors which can affect wellbeing.Clarifying the impact of various psychological factors on well-being and its mechanism plays an important role in developing strategies to improve well-being and improving the overall level of national well-being.Beliefs about emotion is an important factor that has a significant impact on individual emotion and cognitive process.However,there is still a lack of sufficient research to confirm the relationship and mechanism between beliefs about emotion and well-being.The research of beliefs about emotion is in the same line with the research of implicit belief for other traits.In psychological research,emotional beliefs can generally be divided into two orientations: entity beliefs about emotion and incremental beliefs about emotion.Entity believers hold that emotion is uncontrollable and difficult to regulate,while incremental believers hold that emotion can be regulated through efforts and certain strategies.Previous studies have shown that beliefs about emotion are significantly correlated with the level of psychological symptoms such as depression and anxiety.Individuals who hold the entity beliefs tend to suffer more from psychological symptoms such as depression,stress and anxiety.In addition,beliefs about emotion also have a wide impact on self-regulation strategies.This influence includes the individual's choice of self-regulation strategies,the degree of persistence and self-efficacy.The Engine Model Theory of Well-being suggests that factors such as traits and cognitive processes can affect the level of individuals' well-being.On the other hand,Self-Determination Theory holds that the satisfaction of three individual needs is an important prerequisite for harvesting well-being.Individuals who holds incremental beliefs generally believe that their emotions can be regulated through efforts,so they are more likely to make efforts and adopt adaptive emotion regulation strategies in the face of emotional problems.Successful emotion regulation strategies can improve individual self-efficacy and meet individual needs for competence.Therefore,as a link in the process of producing well-being,emotional belief may affect individual self-regulation ability and self-efficacy,and then affect the level of individual well-being.At the same time,individuals with high level of well-being tend to be in a positive emotional state for a long time.According to the broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions,positive emotions help to build lasting psychological resources.As a psychological resource that can enhance individual confidence in negative situations,beliefs about emotion may also be constructed by positive affect.Therefore,subjective well-being may affect the level of beliefs about emotions.Although many studies involve part of the factors of beliefs about emotion and wellbeing,few studies directly explore the relationship between beliefs about emotion and subjective well-being.In addition,previous studies were mostly based on cross-sectional design,which can not draw conclusions about causality between beliefs about emotion and subjective well-being.In present study,we measured about 500 college students at two time points with an interval of two months by using implicit theories of emotion questionnaire,life satisfaction questionnaire and positive and negative experience questionnaire.This study investigated the relationship between emotional beliefs and the three dimensions of subjective well-being at two time points and the longitudinal relationship between them at an interval of 2 months.The results showed that:(1)At both time points,beliefs about emotion were significantly positively correlated with positive affect and life satisfaction,and significantly negatively correlated with negative affect(2)As for the longitudinal relationship,beliefs about emotion can positively predict positive affect and life satisfaction 2 months later,and negatively predict negative affect(3)The positive affect and life satisfaction in subjective well-being could not positively predict the level of beliefs about emotion after 2 months,and the negative affect in subjective well-being could not negatively predict the level of beliefs about emotion after 2 months.The conclusions of this study are as follows:(1)Beliefs about emotion can predict subjective well-being.Specifically,Beliefs about emotion can positively predict positive affect and life satisfaction,and negatively predict negative emotion.(2)Subjective well-being can not reversely predict beliefs about emotion.Therefore,other perspectives should be considered in the discussion of the influence mechanism of beliefs about emotion.To sum up,based on empirical evidence and theoretical assumptions,this study put forward several hypotheses about the relationship between emotional beliefs and subjective well-being,and used cross-lagged model to verify the hypothesis in a longitudinal research center.The results preliminarily confirmed the important influence of beliefs about emotion on subjective well-being.This provides a theoretical basis for the improvement of psychotherapy and the improvement of well-being promotion strategies.更多还原