【作者】 陈沛然；

【导师】 但武刚；

【作者基本信息】 华中师范大学， 学校课程与教学（专业学位）， 2024， 博士

【摘要】 “文化理解”素养是《义务教育艺术课程标准(2022年版)》提出的艺术学科核心素养之一,是实施美术学科教学的关键切入点,必须将“文化理解”素养充分融入教学之中,对美术作品中文化和历史进行深入研究,深层次地理解作品,最终实现美术学科的育人价值,促进学生全面、整体发展。由于部分教师将培养学生“文化理解”素养过程窄化为“人文知识”的习得,常以“教师示范、学生模仿”的技能为主的课堂形式展开教学等问题,导致学生“文化理解”素养没有达到预期效果。因此,本研究基于新时代背景,对美术“文化理解”素养的教学进行研究,要求把美术学科的知识与技能教学置于“文化理解”之中。 美术学科中“文化理解”素养是指学生通过对美术作品的学习与欣赏,形成文化共情能力、文化认知能力、文化反思能力,形成正确的历史观、民族观、国家观、文化观,是将美术作品中的文化知识转化为素养,进而帮助学生掌握更加丰富的知识与技能的能力,是能长期坚持以“文化理解”方式去学习文化及运用文化,形成适应终身发展和社会发展需要的正确价值观、必备品格和关键能力。美术“文化理解”核心素养的特征有:审美情感性、文化情感性、审美创造性,文化实践性。美术学科中“文化理解”素养教学的价值包括:增强学生的审美情感体验,加深学生对中华传统优秀文化的理解和认同,发展学生的文化实践能力,增强学生的跨文化理解。美术学科中“文化理解”素养的构成要素为:文化认知、文化情感、文化体验、文化反思。文化认知是通过文化感知、文化知觉、文化思维形成的认知能力;文化情感是使学生产生主观体验和情绪状态,对学生的思维、行为和身体状态产生影响的能力;文化体验是学生对美术作品中的生活方式、价值观、情感的体验;文化反思是对文化内涵、绘画风格、美术家所处社会文化的反思以及能迁移到对自我的反思的能力。美术学科中“文化理解”素养的教学内容包括:第一,对文化观念的理解。文化观念是美术家的思想意识展现。第二,对文化生活的理解。文化生活是加入了美术家的思想、价值观念的一种特殊生活方式;第三,对文化精神的理解。文化精神是美术家的价值观、思维方式、社会心理以及审美情趣的体现。美术学科“文化理解”素养的学习过程为:第一,识别与感悟文化,是学生通过感受、直觉、联想、想象、领悟等非逻辑的思维方式进行的一种初步文化体验;第二,分析与探究文化,是通过逻辑的思维方式对美术作品的文化进行分析比较、探索研究、质疑深究;第三,判断与反思文化,是基于感性和理性相结合的、更加深层次的发现问题和解决问题的过程;第四,形成文化自觉与文化自信,是对已有认知的觉悟,是获得自由的过程。这四个步骤包含有学生的认知、情感、体验、反思活动,是经过初识、探索、深化,形成意义建构的过程。 经调查发现,美术学科教学中培养学生“文化理解”素养的工作存在一些问题。教师方面:对“文化理解”素养培育意识存在偏差;教学内容缺乏拓展与整合,所选美术作品的文化元素不精准;课堂文化实践与体验较少;教学方式单一,“文化理解”活动效果不佳。学生方面:文化意识较为薄弱;对文化的理解偏好直觉经验,停留于浅表层;学习方式较为被动。分析学生美术“文化理解”素养发展的影响因素,得出结论:个体是影响学生“文化理解”素养发展的首要因素,学校是影响学生“文化理解”素养发展的次要因素,个体与学校的交互作用对学生“文化理解”素养发展产生影响。 促进学生“文化理解”素养发展的教学策略包括:第一,树立促进学生“文化理解”素养发展的观念。在美术课堂教学中树立正确的历史观、民族观、国家观、文化观;坚持课堂教学的“文化育人”导向;注重跨文化交流;注重跨学科教学。第二,遵循指向学生美术“文化理解”素养发展的教学要求。合理设计美术“文化理解”素养教学目标;注重“文化理解”教学活动;在“文化理解”中进行教学反思;倡导“文化理解”素养本位的教学评价。第三,挖掘美术作品中的文化元素。挑选贴近文化生活的作品;选用认知信息丰富的作品;选择文化观念较强的作品;挑选文化精神丰富的作品。第四,实施“文化回应性”教学。注重关联性教学,增强美术与文化的关联性;倡导多元化理解,提升学生的跨文化理解力;创设对话的文化情境,引导学生体验性学习;开展探究性学习,突出美术作品中的文化问题,以此促进学生的全面发展。更多还原

【Abstract】 "Cultural Understanding" key competency is one of the core key competency of art discipline proposed in the Art Curriculum Standards for Compulsory Education(2022 Edition),and is the key entry point for the implementation of fine arts teaching.It is necessary to fully integrate "Cultural Understanding" key competency into teaching,conduct in-depth research on the culture and history in fine arts works,understand the works at a deep level,finally realize the educational value of fine arts and promote the comprehensive and holistic development of students.Because some teachers narrow the process of cultivating students' "Cultural Understanding" key competency to the acquisition of "humanistic knowledge",and they often carry out teaching in the form of "teachers' demonstration and students' imitation" skills,the students' "Cultural Understanding" key competency has not reached the expected effect.Therefore,based on the background of the new era,this research studies the teaching of "Cultural Understanding" of fine arts,which requires that the knowledge and teaching skills of fine arts should be placed in "Cultural Understanding". In the discipline of fine arts,"Cultural Understanding" refers to the ability of students to form cultural empathy,cultural cognition and cultural reflection through the learning and appreciation of fine art works,and to form correct views on history,ethnic group,country and culture.It is the ability to transform cultural knowledge in fine art works into key competency,and helps students master more abundant knowledge and skills.It is able to adhere to the "Cultural Understanding" way to learn and use culture for a long time,and form the correct values,necessary characters and key abilities to which meet the needs of lifelong development and social development.The core key competency of art "Cultural Understanding" has the following characteristics: aesthetic sensibility,cultural sensibility,aesthetic creativity and cultural practice.The value of "Cultural Understanding" key competency teaching in fine arts includes: enhancing students' aesthetic experience,deepening students' understanding and identification of Chinese traditional excellent culture,developing students' cultural practice ability,and enhancing students' cross-cultural understanding.The elements of "Cultural Understanding" in art discipline are: cultural cognition,cultural emotion,cultural experience and cultural reflection.Cultural cognition is the cognitive ability formed through cultural perception,cultural perception and cultural thinking.Cultural emotion is the ability to produce students' subjective experience and emotional state,and influence students' thinking,behavior and physical state.Cultural experience is the students' experience of life style,values and emotions in art works.Cultural reflection is the reflection of cultural connotation,painting style,the social culture in which artists live in,and the ability to transfer the cultural refection to self-reflection.The teaching contents of "Cultural Understanding" in art discipline include: first,the understanding of cultural concepts.The cultural concept is the artists' ideology display.Second,the understanding of cultural life.Cultural life is a special way of life which is joined with the thoughts and values of artists.Third,the understanding of cultural spirit.The cultural spirit is the embodiment of the artists' values,mode of thinking,social psychology and aesthetic taste.The learning process of "Cultural Understanding" in fine arts discipline is as follows: first,culture recognition and perception is a preliminary cultural experience of students through feeling,intuition,association,imagination,comprehension and other non-logical thinking modes;Second,the analysis and exploration of culture is to analyze,compare,explore and question the culture of art works through the logical way of thinking;Third,the culture of judgment and reflection is a deeper process of finding and solving problems based on the combination of sensibility and reason.Fourth,the formation of cultural consciousness and cultural self-confidence is the awakening of the existing cognition and the process of obtaining freedom.These four steps include students' cognition,emotion,experience and reflection activities,which are the process of forming meaning construction through initial knowledge,exploration and deepening. Through investigation,it is found that there are some problems in the work of cultivating students' "Cultural Understanding" in art teaching.Teachers: There is a deviation in the cultivation consciousness of "Cultural Understanding";The teaching content lacks expansion and integration,and the cultural elements of the selected art works are not accurate;Classroom culture practice and experience are less;The teaching method is simple,and the effect of "Cultural Understanding" is not good.Students: cultural awareness is weak;The understanding of culture prefers intuitive experience and stays at the superficial surface;The learning style is more passive.By analyzing the influencing factors of the development of students' artistic "Cultural Understanding" accomplishment,it is concluded that individuals are the primary factors affecting the development of students' "Cultural Understanding" accomplishment,and schools are the secondary factors affecting the development of students' "Cultural Understanding" accomplishment,and the interaction between individuals and schools has an impact on the development of students' "Cultural Understanding" accomplishment. The teaching strategies to promote the development of students' "Cultural Understanding" accomplishment include: first,establish the concept of promoting the development of students' "Cultural Understanding" accomplishment.Establish the correct view of history,ethnic group,country and culture in art classroom teaching;Adhere to the "Culture Education" orientation of classroom teaching;Focus on cross-cultural communication;Focus on interdisciplinary teaching.Second,follow the teaching requirements that point to the development of students' artistic "Cultural Understanding" accomplishment.Reasonable design of art "Cultural Understanding" key competency teaching objectives;Pay attention to "Cultural Understanding" teaching activities;Teaching reflection in "Cultural Understanding";Advocate the teaching evaluation based on "Cultural Understanding".Third,explore the cultural elements in art works.Select works that are close to cultural life;Choose works rich in cognitive information;Choose works with strong cultural concepts;Choose works rich in culture and spirit.Fourth,implement "Culturally Responsive" teaching.Pay attention to the relevance teaching,enhance the relevance of art and culture;Advocate diverse understanding and enhance students' cross-cultural understanding;Create the cultural situation of dialogue to guide students' experiential learning;Carry out exploratory learning,highlight the cultural issues in art works,so as to promote the all-round development of students.更多还原