【作者】 王立杰；

【导师】 王竹影；

【作者基本信息】 南京师范大学， 体育人文社会学， 2022， 博士

【摘要】 近年来,国内积极致力于青少年体育的研究与改革,并试图通过制度、政策等结构性路径促进青少年的体育参与,从而提高青少年的健康水平。从政府顶层设计、国家性战略出台以及相应制度文本的实施,将青少年体育参与促进推向新的高潮,而现实情况却是青少年在体育参与不足的基础上出现了“强制、被动”型的“弱参与”问题。“被动式”的体育参与由于充斥着结构性矛盾,其内生动力不足,缺乏持续性推力,进而导致青少年体育健康促进难以取得全面的、稳定的、可持续的效果。这种“热”与“冷”的对比值得深思,而当前青少年体育参与不足已经不仅仅是个体主观参与意愿的问题,事实上,人类的每一个行动均离不开这一行动所发生的环境(由物理环境、他人行为以及与此相连的许多客观因素所形成的网络)的影响,这里的环境无疑就是一种场域。从本质上说,青少年体育参与不足是个体的能动反映与社会结构环境形塑作用的结果,是在一种场域中进行的。因此,青少年体育参与不足的问题不能拘泥于行为本身,应该放置于更宏大的社会发展进程和制度背景下,并将体育场域作为中介环节,分析宏观环境与个体内在需求、参与行为的嵌入影响和形塑机制。从经典的结构论转向空间论模式,这种超越主客二元对立的思维将主要探讨并反思当下青少年体育场域中的结构性矛盾和问题症结。 在此基础上,本研究运用布迪厄的场域理论,以质性方法为主,从新的视角对青少年体育参与不足和“弱参与”现象进行解读和分析,并对旧有体育参与场域进行反思和重塑,从而理清制约青少年体育参与的结构性因素,引导青少年积极有效地参与体育运动,并进一步促进其健康发展。首先,探讨了场域理论的价值贡献及研究意义,阐释了青少年体育参与的内涵、特征以及本质内容,再从学理上对场域理论与青少年体育参与实践进行契合性审视。其次,结合个体口述与过程事件分析,在时空转变的背景下探讨社会转型与青少年体育参与场域、实践之间的关系以及演进进程,深入把握社会变迁中青少年体育参与实践的演进脉络。再次,根据全国儿童青少年体育健身数据,从体育参与环境、参与行为和参与效果来对当前我国青少年体育参与的现实境况进行考量,在客观表象基础上,深入分析青少年体育参与场域的内部结构,管窥场域中行动者所拥有的资本及相应的位置关系、所遵循的惯习逻辑及策略、所体现出的实践效应,从而呈现出青少年体育参与实践的真实场域图景。最后,是对青少年体育参与场域的实践反思与问题透视,发现场域关系结构中的问题根源,并借鉴美国、英国和日本三个国家的青少年体育场域案例模式,总结相关经验,并建构我国青少年体育参与场域模式,同时提出具体的应对策略。 研究得出以下结论: 1.青少年体育参与行为既不是由完全独立于个人之外的社会结构、政策规则等客观因素决定的,也不是由纯粹的个人主观意识引导的,个人与社会是相互建构的。体育“场域”既是一种青少年体育参与的实体空间,也是一种联结宏观社会结构与青少年个体的中介场域,透过这一体育场域把握青少年的体育参与逻辑,寻找其实践行为与社会世界的联系,既体现了社会结构对个体行为的形塑作用,也突出了个体在结构中的能动性发挥。在青少年体育参与问题的考察中超越了主观和客观的对立、结构和行动的对立、理论逻辑和实践逻辑的对立,并把青少年体育参与行为视作在场域中展开的关系性实践活动。 2.青少年的体育参与叙事不仅是个体记忆的呈现和表达,同时也是个体与社会互动在特定场域中的镜像映射,并揭示着社会运行机制。家庭体育场域作为社会空间的缩影,印刻着时代更迭和社会生活变迁的痕迹;教育现代化的发展让学校体育场域成为一个充满权力规训的场域;时空压缩进程中体育文化的代际传递,表征了不同体育文化价值观念之间的差异。而在联结个体行动经验、时空指向和政治、文化、历史等关系脉络的返身性研究,发现大多数青少年体育参与行为承载的不是自身意愿,在时间、内容和形式等具体方面,青少年的体育参与都缺少自主话语权,只能作为“被安排”、“被支配”的对象。 3.在家庭、学校和社区三个主体行动场域中,学校体育场域占据较多的资本总量和资本结构,于是也赋予了学校主体与之对应的力量分配和话语权力,使其在场域关系中处于更有利的位置,并潜移默化地支配着其他两个场域。同时,在不同因素驱动下青少年体育参与行为生成了基于利益协调的契约惯习、基于家庭约束的伦理惯习和基于符号崇拜的盲从惯习行动逻辑。在青少年体育参与不同程度实现效果的层级划分中,主要包括以制度规训为主导的假性参与层级、以能力习得为主导的象征性参与层级和以自主动机主导的实质性参与层级。最终,呈现出青少年体育参与环境失衡、参与行为不足和参与效果有限的真实场域图景。 4.对当前青少年体育参与的场域实践反思,认为存在工具理性主宰,偏离目标轨道;主体认知不足,沟通渠道不畅;场域空间割裂,资源供给乏力;评价维度单一,功能异化隐患等问题。价值取向中的政治权力渗透、社会变迁中的体育文化堕距、资本转换中的制度设计缺陷、利益主体间的秉持立场分异是导致青少年体育“弱”参与场域的问题归因。 5.借鉴美国、英国和日本的经验基础上,搭建我国青少年体育参与促进的场域模式。从宏观层面上建立青少年体育参与的物理和社会环境支持体系,培育适应时代发展的体育文化生态和体育文化素养;中观层面搭建“学校-家庭-社区”三位一体的体育联动促进平台,嵌入多元化的社会组织架构,完善青少年体育参与社会关系网络,营造重视和支持青少年体育参与促进的氛围;微观层面要从个体角度出发,尊重青少年的主体意识,为激发其身体机能、运动潜能和兴趣爱好提供广袤的自主性空间,创设基于情感认同的心理支持环境,培养青少年的体育人文精神和对体育的价值信仰,从而成为一种体育参与的文化自觉。把外部激励性、保障性、制度性的支持力量与青少年体育参与的主动性、主体性和内在性充分融合在场域塑造过程中,通过外部支持环境的改造来孕育青少年体育参与的内在磁场,形成“外塑-内生”有机结合下的场域模式,营造积极浓厚的体育场域文化氛围,有效减少影响青少年体育参与的阻力因素,增进身心健康水平。在实践应对上,做好顶层设计,建构多元话语体系;完善场域结构,厘清主体间职能定位;搭建支持网络,合力共助健康共同体;深化文化赋能,提升体育文化再生产;挖掘内在动力,回归身体活动体验性。更多还原

【Abstract】 In recent years,China has been actively committed to the research and reform of youth sports,and tried to promote youth sports participation through structural approaches such as systems and policies,thereby improving the health of youth.From the top-level design of the government,the introduction of national strategies and the implementation of corresponding institutional texts,the promotion of youth sports participation has been pushed to a new climax.However,the reality is that youths have appeared "coercive and passive" on the basis of insufficient sports participation.Weak participation" problem."Passive" sports participation is full of structural contradictions,its endogenous power is insufficient,and it lacks continuous thrust,which makes it difficult to achieve comprehensive,stable and sustainable effects in youth sports health promotion.This contrast between "hot" and "cold" is worth thinking about,and the current lack of youth sports participation is not just a matter of the individual's subjective willingness to participate.In fact,every action of human beings is inseparable from the environment in which the action occurs.(The network formed by the physical environment,the behavior of others,and the many objective factors connected to it),the environment here is undoubtedly a kind of field.Essentially,the lack of youth sports participation is the result of the active reflection of individuals and the shaping of social structure and environment,and it is carried out in a field.Therefore,the problem of insufficient youth sports participation should not be confined to the behavior itself,but should be placed in the context of a larger social development process and system,and the sports field should be used as an intermediary link to analyze the embedded impact of the macro environment,individual internal needs,and participation behaviors.shaping mechanism.From the classic structural theory to the spatial theory mode,this kind of thinking beyond the binary opposition of subject and object will mainly discuss and reflect on the structural contradictions and crux of problems in the current youth sports field. On this basis,this study uses Bourdieu's field theory,mainly with qualitative methods,from a new perspective to interpret and analyze the phenomenon of insufficient participation in youth sports and "weak participation",and analyzes the old sports participation field.Reflect and reshape,so as to clarify the structural factors that restrict youth sports participation,guide youth to actively and effectively participate in sports,and further promote their healthy development.Firstly,it discusses the value contribution and research significance of field theory,explains the connotation,characteristics and essential content of youth sports participation,and then examines the compatibility between field theory and youth sports participation practice from a theoretical point of view.Secondly,combined with the analysis of individual oral and process events,the relationship and evolution process between social transformation and youth sports participation field and practice are discussed in the context of time and space changes,and the evolution of youth sports participation practice in social changes is deeply grasped.Thirdly,according to the national sports fitness data for children and adolescents,the current reality of youth sports participation in my country is considered from the sports participation environment,participation behavior and participation effect.The capital possessed by the actors in the field and the corresponding positional relationship,the habitual logic and strategies they follow,and the practice effect they manifest,present the real field picture of youth sports participation in practice.Finally,it is the practice reflection and problem perspective on the field of youth sports participation,finds the root of the problem in the field relationship structure,and draws on the case models of the youth sports field in the United States,the United Kingdom and Japan,summarizes the relevant experience,and constructs our country.Youth sports participation field model,and put forward specific coping strategies. The study came to the following conclusions: 1.Youth sports participation behavior is neither determined by objective factors such as social structure,policy rules,etc.that are completely independent of the individual,nor guided by purely individual subjective consciousness.Individual and society are mutually constructed.Sports "field" is not only a physical space for youth sports participation,but also an intermediary field connecting the macro social structure and individual youth.Through this sports field,we can grasp the logic of youth sports participation and find their practical behavior and social world.It not only reflects the shaping effect of social structure on individual behavior,but also highlights the active play of individual in the structure.In the investigation of youth sports participation,the opposition between subjective and objective,the opposition between structure and action,the opposition between theoretical logic and practical logic is transcended,and the behavior of youth sports participation is regarded as a relational practice activity carried out in the field. 2.The sports participation narrative of adolescents is not only the presentation and expression of their memory,but also the mirror mapping under the framework of specific field space and social structure,and reveals the social operation mechanism.As the epitome of social space,the home sports field is imprinted with the traces of the changes of the times;the development of educational modernization has made the school sports field a field full of power discipline;the intergenerational transmission of sports culture in the process of time and space compression represents different sports cultures differences between values.In the retrospective research that connects individual action experience,time and space orientation,and the relationship between politics,culture,and history,it is found that most youth sports participation behaviors are not carried by their own will.Sports participation lacks the right to speak independently,and can only be used as an object of "arrangement" and "domination". 3.Among the three main action fields of family,school and community,the school sports field occupies a large amount of capital and capital structure,so it also endows the school main body with the corresponding power distribution and discourse power,making it in the field.is in a more favorable position in the relationship and subtly dominates the other two fields.At the same time,driven by different factors,youth sports participation behavior has generated contract habitus based on benefit coordination,ethical habitus based on family constraints and blind obedience habitus action logic based on symbol worship.In the hierarchical division of the effect of different levels of youth sports participation,it mainly includes the pseudo-participation level dominated by institutional discipline,the symbolic participation level dominated by ability acquisition,and the substantive participation level dominated by autonomous motivation.Finally,it presents a real scene picture of youth sports participation environment imbalance,insufficient participation behavior and limited participation effect. 4.Reflecting on the current field practice of youth sports participation,it is believed that instrumental rationality dominates and deviates from the target track;the subject's cognition is insufficient,and the communication channels are not smooth;question.The infiltration of political power in the value orientation,the disparity of sports culture in the social changes,the system design flaws in the capital transformation,and the differences in the positions of stakeholders are the problem attributions that lead to the "weak" participation of youth sports in the field. 5.Based on the experience of the United States,the United Kingdom and Japan,build a field model for the promotion of youth sports participation in my country.At the macro level,establish a physical and social environment support system for youth sports participation,and cultivate a sports cultural ecology and sports cultural literacy that adapt to the development of the times;At the micro level,we must start from the individual perspective,respect the subject consciousness of young people,and provide opportunities for stimulating their physical functions,sports potential and interests.The vast autonomous space creates a psychological support environment based on emotional identity,cultivates the humanistic spirit of sports and the value belief in sports,and thus becomes a cultural awareness of sports participation.Fully integrate the external incentive,guarantee and institutional support force with the initiative,subjectivity and internality of youth sports participation in the process of field shaping,and through the transformation of the external support environment to nurture the internal magnetic field of youth sports participation,form The field model under the organic combination of "external shaping-endogenous" creates a positive and strong cultural atmosphere in the sports field,effectively reduces the resistance factors affecting youth sports participation,and improves physical and mental health.In terms of practical response,do a good job of top-level design and build a multidiscourse system;improve the field structure and clarify the functional positioning of inter-subjects;build a support network to jointly help a healthy community;deepen cultural empowerment and enhance the reproduction of sports culture;Physical activity experiential.更多还原