【作者】 童帮；

【导师】 黄致新；

【作者基本信息】 华中师范大学， 学科教学（物理）（专业学位）， 2024， 硕士

【摘要】 物理科学思维能力是指学生在物理学习过程中运用科学的思维方法对物理现象、物理概念、物理规律和物理实验等进行分析、推理、论证和创新的能力。物理科学思维能力的培养是高中物理教育的重要目标之一,但目前我国高中物理教学中对此方面的重视程度不够,缺乏有效的培养策略和方法。本研究旨在探究高三学生物理科学思维能力的培养策略,并基于策略开展实践研究,为提高高三学生物理科学思维能力提供些许理论和实践指导。 本文作者首先通过文献综述,界定了物理科学思维的概念,分析了其特征、结构和发展规律,并以建构主义、人本主义和皮亚杰认知发展等相关理论作为本研究的理论基础。其次,通过学生问卷调查、教师访谈,分析了德阳市五所高中高三学生物理科学思维能力现状,发现高三学生物理科学思维能力整体水平较低,缺乏模型构建、科学推理、质疑创新等方面的能力。然后,从调查和访谈的结果出发,结合教学实践和相关研究,提出高三学生物理科学思维能力主要培养策略如下:(1)通过创设情境建构模型,培养学生的模型构建意识及能力;(2)结合物理学史,培养学生科学推理能力;(3)渗透逆向思维,引导学生进行质疑创新;(4)在测量工具使用过程中培养学生的论证推理能力;(5)以实验问题为引导,提高学生推理论证能力;(6)进行习题专题化评讲,培养学生的论证推理能力;(7)加强习题情景化评讲,提高学生的质疑创新能力。最后,笔者将前文提出的培养策略融入到教学实践中,给出了高三物理的概念课、规律课、专题课、实验课、习题课等课型的教学案例,并通过分析比较实验组与对照组学校学生的在零诊、一诊、二诊、三诊和高考中成绩的变化,以说明前面所提出的高三学生物理科学思维能力培养策略的有效性。 总之,本文通过笔者的教育教学实践,积极探索出提升高三学生物理科学思维能力的策略和具体方法,希望给广大高三学生及物理教师一些参考。更多还原

【Abstract】 The scientific thinking ability of physics refers to the students' ability to analyze,ratiocinate,demonstrate and innovate physical phenomena,concepts,laws and experiments in the process of physics learning.The cultivation of the scientific thinking ability of physics is one of the important goals of the high school physics education,but at present,the high school physics teaching in China does not pay enough attention to this aspect,and there is a lack of effective cultivating strategies and methods.The purpose of this study is to explore the cultivating strategies of senior three students' scientific thinking ability in physics,and to carry out practical research based on the strategies,so as to provide some theoretical and practical guidance for improving the scientific thinking ability in physics of senior three students. In this paper,the author first defines the concept of scientific thinking of physics,analyzes its characteristics,structure and developing laws,and takes related theories such as constructivism,humanism and Piaget's cognitive development as the theoretical basis of this research.Secondly,through the questionnaire survey of students and the interview of teachers,the current situation of the scientific thinking ability of physics of five high schools in Deyang city is analyzed.It is found that the overall level of the scientific thinking ability of senior three students is low,and the ability of model construction,scientific ratiocination,questioning and innovation is lacking.Then,starting from the results of the survey and the interviews,combining this with teaching practice and related research,the main strategies for cultivating the scientific thinking ability of senior three students are as follows:(1)by creating the situation,cultivate students' awareness and ability of model construction;(2)combining with the history of physics,cultivate students' scientific reasoning ability;(3)penetrate the reverse thinking and guide students to question and innovate;(4)cultivate students' argumentation and reasoning ability in the process of using measuring tools;(5)guided by the experimental questions,improve students' reasoning ability;(6)conduct special comments on exercises and cultivate students' argumentation and reasoning ability;(7)strengthen the situational evaluation of the exercises and improve students' questioning and innovation ability.Finally,the author will put forward the above cultivating strategies into the teaching practice,gives the teaching cases of senior three physics class including concept,law,project,experiment and exercises teaching,and through the analysis the change of the two groups of students in the first test,the second test,the third test,the fourth test and the college entrance examination results,illustrate the effectiveness of the senior students' physical scientific thinking ability training strategies. In short,through the author's teaching practice,this paper actively explores the strategies and specific methods to improve the scientific thinking ability of physics of senior three students,hoping to give senior three students and physics teachers some reference.更多还原