IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering

As per ISO and ASTM standards, nanoparticles are particles of sizes ranging from 1 to 100nm with one or more dimensions. The nanoparticles are generally classified into the organic, inorganic and carbon based particles in nanometric scale that has improved properties compared to larger sizes of respective materials. The nanoparticles show enhanced properties such as high reactivity, strength, surface area, sensitivity, stability, etc. because of their small size. The nanoparticles are synthesised by various methods for research and commercial uses that are classified into three main types namely physical, chemical and mechanical processes that has seen a vast improvement over time. This paper presents a review on nanoparticles, their types, properties, synthesis methods and its applications in the field of environment.

The fake news on social media and various other media is wide spreading and is a matter of serious concern due to its ability to cause a lot of social and national damage with destructive impacts. A lot of research is already focused on detecting it. This paper makes an analysis of the research related to fake news detection and explores the traditional machine learning models to choose the best, in order to create a model of a product with supervised machine learning algorithm, that can classify fake news as true or false, by using tools like python scikit-learn, NLP for textual analysis. This process will result in feature extraction and vectorization; we propose using Python scikit-learn library to perform tokenization and feature extraction of text data, because this library contains useful tools like Count Vectorizer and Tiff Vectorizer. Then, we will perform feature selection methods, to experiment and choose the best fit features to obtain the highest precision, according to confusion matrix results.

Inconel 718 is being extensively used for high-temperature applications, rocket engines, gas turbines, etc. due to its ability to maintain high strength at temperatures range 450-700°C complimented by excellent oxidation and corrosion resistance and its outstanding weldability in either the age hardened or annealed condition. Though alloy 718 is reputed to possess good weldability in the context of their resistance to post weld heat treatment cracking, heat affected zone (HAZ) and weld metal cracking problems persist. This paper presents a brief review on welding processes for Inconel 718 and the weld defects, such as strain cracking during post weld heat treatment, solidification cracking, and liquation cracking. The effect of alloy chemistry, primary and secondary processing on the HAZ cracking susceptibility, influence of post/pre weld heat treatments on precipitation, segregation reactions, and effect of grain size etc. discussed and concluded with future scope for research.

Digital marketing is an integral part of the process of digital business transformation. It incorporates new marketing techniques that are based on information and communication technologies. For this reason, its application in practice is a prerequisite for the successful development of the business in the contemporary market conditions. The object of this paper is the digital marketing and the subject is the digital marketing advantages and disadvantages. The first purpose of this paper is to systemize the various terms for digital marketing used in the specialized literature and the Internet and to show the differences between them. The second is to present the characteristics of the main advantages and disadvantages of digital marketing. Knowing them in depth, companies will be able to develop effective digital marketing strategies that have high potential to achieve company goals and at the same time are suitable to their profile. Thereby, they will be able to determine to what extent and which tools of the whole digital marketing palette are best suited to their marketing activities.

Day by day the cases of heart diseases are increasing at a rapid rate and it's very Important and concerning to predict any such diseases beforehand. This diagnosis is a difficult task i.e. it should be performed precisely and efficiently. The research paper mainly focuses on which patient is more likely to have a heart disease based on various medical attributes. We prepared a heart disease prediction system to predict whether the patient is likely to be diagnosed with a heart disease or not using the medical history of the patient. We used different algorithms of machine learning such as logistic regression and KNN to predict and classify the patient with heart disease. A quite Helpful approach was used to regulate how the model can be used to improve the accuracy of prediction of Heart Attack in any individual. The strength of the proposed model was quiet satisfying and was able to predict evidence of having a heart disease in a particular individual by using KNN and Logistic Regression which showed a good accuracy in comparison to the previously used classifier such as naive bayes etc. So a quiet significant amount of pressure has been lift off by using the given model in finding the probability of the classifier to correctly and accurately identify the heart disease. The Given heart disease prediction system enhances medical care and reduces the cost. This project gives us significant knowledge that can help us predict the patients with heart disease It is implemented on the.pynb format.

The uses of Artificial Intelligence (AI) seems to be relevant in many fields nowadays due to its ability in providing a simulation of human intelligence processes that are handled by machines; in particular computer systems. This paper concerns with reviewing the uses of AI in language teaching and learning. In particular, it reviews the research on the uses of AI in its application in the learning and teaching of language. Qualitative research method; specifically content analysis, is employed as the technique to review the articles that are obtained from relevant databases. Findings from the study reveal that there are four (4) themes emerge in the uses of AI in relation to teaching and learning a language. The uses of AI for pedagogy, therefore, prove that its uses eases language teaching and learning.

The paper presents the results of a study concerning the use of the Ishikawa diagram in analyzing the causes that determine errors in the evaluation of theparts precision in the machine construction field. The studied problem was"errors in the evaluation of partsprecision" and this constitutes the head of the Ishikawa diagram skeleton.All the possible, main and secondary causes that could generate the studied problem were identified. The most known Ishikawa models are 4M, 5M, 6M, the initials being in order: materials, methods, man, machines, mother nature, measurement. The paper shows the potential causes of the studied problem, which were firstly grouped in three categories, as follows: causes that lead to errors in assessing the dimensional accuracy, causes that determine errors in the evaluation of shape and position abnormalities and causes for errors in roughness evaluation. We took into account the main components of parts precision in the machine construction field. For each of the three categories of causes there were distributed potential secondary causes on groups of M (man, methods, machines, materials, environment/ medio ambiente-sp.). We opted for a new model of Ishikawa diagram, resulting from the composition of three fish skeletons corresponding to the main categories of parts accuracy.

Those plastics that have been used by food industry as packaging (especially in sweet industry) have strict requirements. Most of these plastic constructions are primary or secondary packaging with direct or indirect contact with foodstuff. Over the appropriate mechanical properties, these packagings need to be safe enough to be used as direct contact material without any dangerous material migration or transfer. Recently the polyethylene-terephthalate (PET) is that material which is widely used for this kind of purpose and application. To substitute the PET, only that kind of alternative material which are fulfilling the requirements of applications and compliant to the relevant regulations can be applied.

The cost-efficient application of plastics strongly depends on the mechanical properties of the material. In light of these facts, both types of polylactic-acid (PDLLA, PLLA) and the PET were tested. Comparing their mechanical properties PLA could be used as a real alternative of PET.

The NANOSTRUC 2014 took place at CSIC, Madrid, Spain. The conference theme on 'Nanosciences and Nanotechnologies – Recent Advances towards Nanoproducts and Applications'. The conference aimed to promote activities in various areas of materials and structures by providing a forum for exchange of ideas, presentation of technical achievements and discussion of future directions. NANOSTRUC conferences brings together an international community of experts to discuss the state-of-the-art, new research results, perspectives of future developments, and innovative applications relevant to structural materials, engineering structures, nanocomposites, modelling and simulations, and their related application areas.

Relative humidity of ambient air is a critical parameter for crop production as it influences the water balance and photosynthesis process in the plants. A comprehensive review on leafy, fruiting, flowering plants and grains were conducted to determine the effects of varying humidity levels on plant growth. Data from published works concluded that the plant growth improved with increasing humidity, as higher humidity conditions help to keep the stomata open to maintain the photosynthesis process and minimize evaporation process of the plants. By using regression analysis, it is forecasted that the increase in the air relative humidity by 10% would increase the leaf length, width and aerial dry weight for Lactuca Sativa by 10±3%, 2±5% and 28±3% respectively. The data trend suggests that the optimal relative humidity that could improve plant growth is 85±2%, as low humidity below optimum level will increase stomatal resistance, which leads to a reduction of carbon dioxide uptake and photosynthesis rate. Inversely, relative humidity above the optimal levels will adversely reduce the transpiration rate, which negatively affects the plant growth and leaf development due to impaired nutrient assimilation. The outcome of this study provides an insight for the development of plant growth forecasting model.

The joint 29th International Cryogenic Engineering Conference and International Cryogenic Materials Conference 2024 (ICEC29/ICMC-2024) hosted by CERN took place from 22 to 26 July 2024 in the International Conference Center ICCG in the city of Geneva, Switzerland.

ICEC-ICMC is a unique international conference on cryogenic engineering and materials taking place every two years alternately between Europe and Asia.

List of Local Organizing Committee, ICEC29/ICMC2024 Exhibitors, ICEC Committee Members and ICMC Board of Directors are available in this PDF.

All papers published in this volume have been reviewed through processes administered by the Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.

• Type of peer review: Single Anonymous

• Conference submission management system: Morressier

• Number of submissions received: 253

• Number of submissions sent for review: 252

• Number of submissions accepted: 226

• Acceptance Rate (Submissions Accepted / Submissions Received × 100): 89.3

• Average number of reviews per paper: 1.12

• Total number of reviewers involved: 35

• Contact person for queries:

Name: Johan Bremer

Email: johan.bremer@cern.ch

Affiliation: CERN

Capitalising on the cryogenic operation experience of the LHC (Large Hadron Collider) at CERN and thanks to the promising results of the R&D efforts, the first phase of the Future Circular Collider (FCC) study presents in its Conceptual Design Report (CDR) published in January 2019 a clear route to a post-LHC machine, expected to be housed in a new 91 km circumference underground tunnel. Regarding the cryogenic system, the CDR is describing the proposed architecture required by the implementation of the staged FCC programme, integrating in sequence a lepton (FCC-ee) then a hadron (FCC-hh) collider in the same tunnel with related cryogenic system upgrades respectively. As from 2021, the FCC feasibility Study is capitalizing on the work of the Conceptual Design Report to refine its results regarding the architecture of the cryogenic systems of both FCC-ee and -hh machines, aiming at issuing an intermediate Feasibility Report by end of 2023 and a final report by 2025, which shall serve as input for the next European Strategy for Particle Physics (ESPP) update in 2026/2027. The design of cryogenic systems is taking into consideration all the updates transmitted by stakeholders and impacting its general architecture, from the original ones on the general accelerator layout, to the more recent ongoing work on superconducting RF (SRF) cavities design for the FCC-ee machine. This paper presents the status of the cryogenics study, emphasizing on the necessary update of the cryogenic processes and heat loads, helium inventory and energy consumption related to the recent modifications of the accelerator general layout, with a distinction made between the SRF systems, the detectors, and the machine-detector interface regions. An operation mode targeting energy preservation is presented, while ongoing parametric studies on the design of specific components of the SRF cavities and the cryogenic distribution are introduced. Finally, a preliminary installation strategy is described for surface and underground facilities, covering all operation phases of the machine, and recalling the next objectives to be met to complete the Feasibility Study in 2025.

As national major science and technology infrastructure, the Comprehensive Research Facility for Fusion Technology (CRAFT) is being built at ASIPP. The cryogenic system is an important part of the research work for superconducting magnets. ASIPP has designed and developed a 1kW@4.5K helium cryogenic system to perform cryogenic testing, such as a conductor performance research device and a central solenoid model coil test facility. The helium system can provide a cooling capacity more than 1kW, and have 3.8K cooling mode. In 2023, the system has been tested successfully, and the performance index of the refrigerator reached the expected requirements. This paper describes the design of CRAFT 1kW @ 4.5K cryogenic system and the results of cooling testing.

The High-Luminosity upgrade of the Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC) at CERN is a major upgrade project of the LHC accelerator, which will allow increasing the peak luminosity by at least a factor of five beyond LHC's design value. This upgrade will include the replacement of the final focusing superconducting magnets and the implementation of superconducting radiofrequency crab cavities in the long straight sections of the interaction points 1 and 5 of LHC. The cryogenic part of this upgrade consists in the design, specification, procurement, installation, commissioning, and handover to operation of two new cryogenic plants and associated cryogenic distribution lines at the machine interaction points for the high luminosity insertions dedicated to CMS and ATLAS detectors. The two new cryogenic plants, with an equivalent capacity of 14 kW@4.5 K, including 3.25 kW@1.9 K, were defined based on the heat loads of the new superconducting magnets and radiofrequency crab cavities, of the cold powering systems, and of distribution heat loads. This paper presents the details of the static and dynamic heat loads applied to each cryogenic element added for the HL-LHC, the methodology for addressing the maturity of their design, the defined nominal operating modes and finally the required helium refrigerators cooling capacity for each temperature level, considering the effect of luminosity and beam energy.